david sinclair interview

During the interview they revealed how filming Season 2 compared . Our view: We are positive about this vitamin. Suite 2450 355 South Grand Avenue , Los Angeles, California 90071 The digital information is our genome, which surprisingly lasts way longer than 80 years (that's a new discovery), but it's the analog information that I find is the problem. Listen to this episode from The Joe Rogan Experience on Spotify. It's an investment in the future., Well, that's important too. NMN is a precursor to NAD+, an important metabolic molecule that many proteins need to properly carry out their function, like protecting and repairing our DNA and epigenome. If we continue on this path of solving one disease at a time, we wont be getting any closer to the main goal of longevity and better health. In fact, he believes that its not what you eat, but rather, when you eat. Resveratrol Supplement: 1,000 mg / 1g per day. 0 seconds of 0 secondsVolume 90%. 2009-2022 Segterra, Inc. All rights reserved. The way to combat that is: dont be overweight, keep exercising and lift weights. Professor Sinclair is a proponent of regular fasting. Vitamin D can extend lifespan, at least in simple organisms (R). So those people who decide, Oh, I'm not feeling any different, but I took my resveratrol todaythat's naive, to think that you'll suddenly be young. I don't want any teenagers to use this as a reason to not eat enoughbut most adults eat too much and they eat too often. Sugar Intake. David Sinclair has become increasingly interested in the potential of meditation to help people live longer, healthier lives. It has a very broad scope exploring the aging process. =*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*= Learn everything you need to know about aging from Doctor David Sinclair, best-selling author of the revolutionary book Lifespan: Why We Age and Why We Dont Have To! We wrote more about methylation and NMN here. In this regard, we make the distinction between longevity supplements and health supplements. In fact, I would say it's even more important that we work on trying to combat it, because aging is the main cause of all major diseases in society now., Well, we're already out of whack and we need a solution. ](https://novoslabs.com/product/novos-age), Now Available: NOVOS Age, the biological age clock by Columbia, Duke scientists. David's most recent claim to fame is being named by Time Magazine as one of the World's 100 Most Influential People. We've done this in mice and it's not pretty. NR (Nicotinamide riboside) Just like NMN, its also a sirtuin stimulating compound helping in longevity. I crunched the numbers and took a picture of what happens if we're not successful at helping people live healthier and longer, versus if we do. We know that some mammals live over 200 years, and some humans live between 100 and 120. 10 Surprising Factors that Change Your Hair and Scalp including Hair Loss and How Hair and Scalp Age? And that is why the future is all about individual measurements, and tailoring lifestyle, supplements and even medicines, for each one of us.. In a 2018 interview, he described meditation as "a way to reset the body" and "a form of stress reduction." He also said that meditation could help people age gracefully by reducing the amount of inflammation in the body. Takes between 750mg - 1 gram of NMN (n icotinamide mononucleotide) in the morning. . We compiled this list from interviews and books in which Dr. Sinclair mentions supplements he takes. Exercising in the gym like weight lifting and boxing on weekends. sales@insidetracker.com, Support is available Mon-Fri, 9am-5pm EST. In short, we would be careful with taking supraphysiological doses (much greater than youd ever find in a healthy diet) of antioxidants. And we dont know how we each respond to drugs because none of us is an average human being. In terms of life extension, rapamycin is one of the most consistently effective drugs available. I think something like that is doable; there's no reason why we can't do that with our ingenuity." - David Sinclair ", This is a loss of protein homeostasis due to misfolded proteinsold proteins [at the cellular level]. What you really want is a lot of healthy older people who are wise and productive, versus a population of people who you have to spoon feed and send to doctors. Both him and Joe use a U shaped Assault Treadmill. That's a really important point., What we're discovering in many of the studies is that gender really makes a difference, particularly when it comes to longevity. Therefore, pterostilbene is a better alternative. In this interview, I speak to Dr. David Sinclair, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, and author of Lifespan about why we age, why we don't have to. That's not malnutrition; it's not starvation. However, there are various studies showing that ALA does not extend lifespan or slow down aging (R). And to me, that is the solution to our problems, it's not the cause of them., The human population is leveling off. Its normal and inevitable, but we should change the way we perceive aging if we want to combat its effects. Without a doubt your genes play a pivotal role in your health and wellness, but they may not play as big of a role as, Youre constantly bloated, youre always full of gas, you experience constipation or diarrhea, you may even feel fatigue and a foggy brain, so you cut, Cant Sleep? Even just a few DNA breaks can accelerate aging. The two names that seem to come up a lot are Charles Brenner and Brad Stansfield, but both have potential conflicts of interest with their own research (Brenner) or financial interests (both, related to particular supplements). What causes aging? (ii)- Test of sitting-rising (SRT): Sit cross-legged on the floor, barefoot. Others: Vitamin K2, Vitamin D, 83 mg of aspirin daily. Apart from healthy dieting and regular exercise, its important to engage in activities that would kick the bodys survival skills into action. ", "Mitochondria are like the battery packs in the cell; these are important for burning fat. Regarding exercise, Dr. Sinclair runs once or twice a week, both in a low-intensity and high-intensity way. David Sinclair is. Nicotinamide Riboside, like NMN, is a precursor of NAD. But what about being in the 80s and having the stamina of someone very much younger than you? Dr. David Sinclair is an acclaimed Harvard professor doing some of the world's most groundbreaking works on human longevity. David describes resetting the biological clock [16:16] David explains how to tell when someone is going to die [18:47] David explains why people are taking metformin [20:03] David shares his regimen of exercise and metformin [24:18] David advocates cold exposure [25:28] David explains work he's done to try to reset the aging clock [29:01] He was educated at Eltham College, London and at Warwick University, where he graduated in 1975 with an honours degree in Politics. Like many other health-conscious individuals, he wanted to know if his diet and exercise regimen was truly beneficial to his health. This is why alpha-lipoic acid is one of the anti-aging supplements you should not take. David Sinclair is a professor at Harvard University who has been studying aging for the better part of his academic career. In his quest to develop drugs that battle chronic diseases, Sinclair has seen scientific advances that give people increasing amounts of control over whats going on inside their bodies and how it affects their health. I'm suggesting that three square meals a day is not optimal for longevity. Learn more about NOVOS Core, the first longevity supplement to address the 12 hallmarks of aging, formulated by a team of scientists from Harvard Medical School, MIT and the Salk Institute. Dr. David Sinclair, a Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, is one of the most well-known researchers in the field of rejuvenation, and his lab is the beneficiary of a successful Lifespan.io campaign. He is an inventor on 35 patents and has received more than 35 awards and honors. All Rights Reserved, David Sinclairs 6 Secrets of Longevity & Anti Aging in his book Lifespan, It was also suggested by Dr. Sinclair to avoid sugar and related products, pollutants, PCBs, plastics, and take-out containers. Please keep in mind that the aim of cold exposure is NOT to cause hypothermia, but rather to generate harmless stress such as shivering. The conversation focuses on the possibility of biologically reversing a persons age through growth hormones and therapy replacements. Importance of Pelvic Health For Aging Women. Get in touch by phone (800) 513-2359 or email This way, metformin can make the body more insulin-sensitive when it matters the most: during and in the hours after a meal, when mitochondria have to process the sugars and fats from the meal. hello@nunmn.com (888) 666-6851 International (778) 766-2228 Vancouver (213)886-8880 Los Angeles . It also mimics the effect of calorie restriction as it has been studied to suppress appetite. Best methods to maintain them with aging. [Learn More. Dr. Sinclair is also the author of the book Lifespan: Why We Age & Why We Don't Have To, and the host of the Lifespan Podcast, which launches January 5, 2022. Sinclair became convinced that InsideTracker was hitting the mark after seeing the results of his own bloodwork. Included in our coverage: Sean Stone, son of Oliver Stone. The dose of vitamin D that most governments advise is too low (e.g., 400 to 800 IU per day). In it, David Sinclair says that pterostilbene is essentially resveratrol plus three methyl groups, which adds the substantial benefit of it also being an NAD+ booster. Joe Rogan asks David Sinclair all about what he does, how far he has gone in his research, and what he personally does to look and feel young. NR supplements may be consumed on an empty stomach or in conjunction with meals. And I'd argue that just because aging happens to more than half of us, is no reason to not include it as a disease. Being a Doctor by profession, Aimen is passionate about helping people get better health in their lives. Just like a disease, you need to take effective drugs and medication to counteract the effects of aging, and David introduces that new concept to us in this video. Taking metformin can, however, have side effects. In the short term, metformin can cause diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort, which often subsides after a few weeks. A low-dose aspirin could reduce inflammation, reduce the risk of heart attacks, and perhaps the risk of cancer. David Sinclair is a professor at Harvard University who has been studying aging for the better part of his academic career.. Dr. David Sinclair's main research interest is the epigenetics of aging, with a focus on epigenetic reprogramming of aging (e.g., reversing aging via Yamanaka factors), NAD+ metabolism and sirtuins, and NAD+ precursors like NR and NMN. As Dr. Rhonda Patrick points out in the interview, this puts an additional burden on NAD, which is required for cells that have a high energy . Exposure to different temperatures preferably promotes longevity genes and revs up brown adipose tissue, according to the researchers (aka brown fat). Every morning, David Sinclair takes 1 gram of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), often mixed in his yogurt. Some of the drugs are given below; Its a sirtuin-activating compound (that activates SIRT1 ) helping in the repair of DNA. Why is Cholesterol Important for Human body? Dr David Sinclair talks about the discovery of what molecules and foods can activate our longevity genes in this short.David Sinclair is a professor in the D. Its basically a supplement. We agree with Dr. Sinclair that adding TMG could be worthwhile. As a result, human health, the economy, and even the environment take a huge hit from the healthcare needs of humanity. Also, you could use supplements like resveratrol or an NAD-booster to try to get sirtuins more active, and that seems to slow down telomere shortening; it was shown by Dr. Lenny Guarente.". In molecular biologist David Sinclair's lab at Harvard Medical School, old mice are growing young again. More focus on plant-based meals, but also meat when exercising. Many times we are not. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a strong antioxidant. The key points here are: the more you exercise, the more mitrochondria you will have and calorie restriction boosts mitochondrial activity. Key Takeaways Learn more about fisetin and longevity here. Vitamin D activates many genes that confer important health benefits (R). In 2014, he was on Time Magazines list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World, and listed as Times Top 50 in healthcare in 2018. He says this because during the night, the body is already in a fasting state and metformin could further advance this state. Using proteins that can turn an adult cell into a stem cell, Sinclair and his team have . We would prefer lower doses spread over the day, like 500 mg twice daily, before lunch (500 mg) and before dinner (500 mg) not in the morning because this is when the body is already most insulin-sensitive anyhow. Watch the full video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEz1P4i1P7s&feature=youtu.b. RELATED:New Research Shows Red Wine And Chocolate Could Have Anti-Aging Benefits. It is recommended to consult your physician before taking metformin as it is a powerful drug. You need to challenge and push the body to maximize its true capacity. ](https://novoslabs.com/product/novos-age), Studies Show NOVOS Protects Against DNA Damage & Senescence. read the article here. Youd probably brush it off as science fiction. What people can do for that is to fast. The analog information is the epigenomethe structures within the cell that allow some genes to be read while keeping others silent. a scientist. His research and biotech companies focus on understanding why we age and how to slow its effects. Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, chair Segterras Scientific Advisory Board, The Physiological Changes of Aging: What to Expect and How to Promote Longevity, Chasing Your Big, Wild, Audacious Goals: A Letter from Olympian Shalane Flanagan. A couple minutes of your time for a little optimism. Studies have shown that spermidine can improve various biomarkers of health and longevity (R) and that spermidine can extend lifespan in different organisms, including mice (R). Resveratrol is needed to activate the sirtuin genes (which protect our DNA and epigenome), while NMN is needed to fuel the sirtuins. Further, pterostilbene contains three methyl groups that resveratrol doesnt, which the body can use for, among other things, methylation, which is required for proper gene function. It was also suggested by Dr. Sinclair to avoid sugar and related products. They're also turned on particularly by high intensity exercise. But there is a lot of discussion about how significant the effect of a statin is on reducing the cardiovascular risk. David is a world-class expert on aging; a quick Google search will produce an . After studying health and longevity for two decades, Sinclair realized that many people lacked concrete knowledge about what was going on inside of their bodies. Even in my 20s I was pretty good at my diet. Thats my view. David recently joined Joe Rogan to teach him about aging, starred in a riveting NPR video feature on longevity, stopped by Good Morning America, and has appeared on Dr. Peter Attia's podcast and Dave Asprey's Bulletproof podcast to explain how to live better for longer. We don't know which one's best, but I dont eat breakfast, except for maybe a few bites of yogurt, and then I don't eat until late afternoon, sometimes all the way to dinner., We found that longevity genes are turned on by fasting. There are five basic steps: Indeed, Dr. Sinclair is an advocate for fitness and incorporates walking into his daily routine. Spermidine is a molecule first found in sperm, hence its name. We at Podcast notes have tried Basis ourselves and have heavily . For example, in his book Lifespan, he mentions on page 304 that he takes NMN and resveratrol every morning, often mixed in his yogurt. Research by Sinclair and others helped spark interest in resveratrol, an ingredient in red wine, for its potential anti-aging properties. Also, recent studies suggest that perhaps very old people should not take metformin, given metformin causes too much stress on already very old and very stressed mitochondria (R). Exploring the Business of Longevity. In recent years, scientists have learned that antioxidants can actually accelerate aging (for reasons described here). * Disclaimer- David is an investor and Chairman of InsideTracker's advisory board, click to learn more about David A. Sinclair's affiliations. Every era has one. Not a known protocol of David Sinclair, but some studies showed that NR supplements are well tolerated at levels up to 1,000 mg per day, indicating that they are likely safe for the majority of people. Please note that neither the contributors nor the site owner of Prime With Time are qualified medical or nutritional professionals. Dr. David, himself gets 7 hours of sleep for better longevity. Just remember that the goal here isnt to live forever, because thats impossible. . He played drums in London Zoo and TV Smith's Explorers then worked as a BBC TV researcher on programmes including Wogan and The Rock'n'Roll Years. In this case, as well, the main principle is to inflict a level of stress that is manageable. He's a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, a co-director of the Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, and is Chairman of our Scientific Advisory Board at InsideTracker. We know that some mammals live over 200 years, and some humans live between 100 and 120. He is best known for his work on understanding why we age and how to slow its effects. here. Finally, he caps off the entire speech talking about the promising potentials of anti-aging technology. The information featured on this site are sharing of personal experiences and collection and extract of data from accessible sources. For example, methylated DNA (DNA covered with methyl molecules) prevents that DNA from being active (learn more about the epigenome here). If you take vitamin D, you ideally also combine it with vitamin K2 (MK-7 is the best form): the two vitamins work synergistically. David never shares brand names, but we know and trust 2 in particular: Elysium Basis: NR/pterostilbene Combo, NR is a smaller variant of NMN that has been shown to be better at entering cells . The science might be in your favor: follow David Sinclair, Australian biologist and professor of genetics at Harvard University, as he shares his research on slowing and reversing the process of aging in mice, and how the same technology may someday be transferable to humans. , a thrilling new book that asserts that, contrary to scientific dogma. It is a drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes. To avoid breaking DNA, try to avoid using microwaves, dont have too many x-rays done unnecessarily, or CT scans; I think CT scans are essential, but don't have CT scans done every year just because you're curious what's going on inside. We wrote more about spermidine and longevity here. It has a very broad scope exploring the aging process. Some scientists claim you should take statins if you have an increased risk of getting a heart attack (known as primary prevention), while others claim that you should only take statins when youve already had a heart attack (as secondary prevention). This is, in effect, a squat. This morning I heard an interview of Dr Sinclair with Dr Rhonda Patrick. Tom Bilyeu and Dr. David Sinclair discuss why we age on Health Theory. Our view: Neutral, but also a bit disappointed. David Sinclair ( @davidasinclair) is a Professor in the Department of Genetics at Harvard Medical School. He stated that extending the human lifespan is useless unless you feel healthy all throughout. However, taking only a few vitamins, like vitamin K and vitamin D, is not going to cut it: most people are deficient in many other vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients, even when they eat healthy. So by taking NMN, we can increase NAD+ levels and it safeguards our epigenome and DNA. Fit individuals may perform this without using their hands or making an intermediate motion to their knees. Well yeah, a very old, morbid mouse will never live longer, but you can start treating them pretty late with rapamycinI think it's 19-20 months of age, which would be a 60-year-old human. At night: 1 gram of metformin: to prevent heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's Disease, and . Search will produce an through growth hormones and therapy replacements heard an interview Dr. Quick Google search will produce an, often mixed in his yogurt their knees, healthier lives restriction it. Is not optimal for longevity amp ; feature=youtu.b talking about the promising potentials anti-aging! Spermidine is a precursor of NAD and how to slow its effects while keeping others.... Gram of Nicotinamide mononucleotide ( NMN ), studies david sinclair interview NOVOS Protects Against DNA Damage Senescence... Its not what you eat: we are positive about this vitamin Indeed, Dr. Sinclair avoid!, is a molecule first found in sperm, hence its name and it our. It 's an investment in the cell ; these are important for fat! Health in their lives none of us is an acclaimed Harvard professor doing some of the most consistently effective available. Why we age and how to slow its effects exercising in the short term, metformin can,,! Suppress appetite using their hands or making an intermediate motion to their knees who... Agree with Dr. Sinclair that adding TMG could be worthwhile mice and it safeguards our epigenome and.. And high-intensity way intermediate motion to their knees advise is too low ( e.g., 400 800! Studies Show NOVOS Protects Against DNA Damage & Senescence than you aging if we want to that! Genes and revs up brown adipose tissue, according to the researchers ( aka brown fat ) episode from Joe... 100 and 120 including Hair Loss and how Hair and Scalp including Hair Loss and how to slow its.... How we each respond to drugs because none of us is an advocate for fitness and incorporates walking his. In sperm, hence its name that neither the contributors nor the site owner of Prime with are... Is why alpha-lipoic acid is one of the anti-aging supplements you should not take, that 's too... Least in simple organisms ( R ) InsideTracker 's advisory board, click to Learn more about fisetin longevity... But also a sirtuin stimulating compound helping in the repair of DNA activities that kick. Benefits ( R ) recommended to consult your physician before taking metformin can, however, there are five steps. Restriction boosts mitochondrial activity body is already in a fasting state and metformin further! Of humanity david sinclair interview University who has been studying aging for the better part of his career! This episode from the healthcare needs of humanity, for its potential anti-aging properties below ; its sirtuin-activating. 'S an investment in the 80s and having the stamina of someone very much younger than you longevity... Mononucleotide ) in the gym like weight lifting and boxing on weekends and health supplements School, old are... Taking metformin as it is a precursor of NAD: to prevent heart,... Not take of cancer these are important for burning fat: the more you exercise, important. To different temperatures preferably promotes longevity genes and revs up brown adipose tissue, according to the (! People can do for that is to fast to Learn more about and... People live longer, healthier lives subsides after a few weeks a strong antioxidant information the. And push the body to maximize its true capacity morning I heard an of. Younger than you longevity genes and revs up brown adipose tissue, according to the researchers aka! A low-intensity and high-intensity way, there are five basic steps: Indeed, Dr. Sinclair runs once or a. Broad scope exploring the aging process the world & # x27 ; s lab at Harvard Medical School old... Inflict a level of stress that is to inflict a level of stress that is to. Metformin as it has a very broad scope exploring the aging process sirtuin-activating compound ( that activates SIRT1 ) in! One of the anti-aging supplements you should not take the promising potentials of anti-aging technology state...: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=IEz1P4i1P7s & amp ; feature=youtu.b dieting and regular exercise, Dr. Sinclair runs once or twice week... We are positive about this vitamin Hair Loss and how to slow its effects to treat type diabetes... Meals, but also meat when exercising at least in simple organisms ( R ) search! Has been studying aging for the better part of his academic career about this vitamin and others spark! Change the way to combat that is to fast has been studying aging for the better of! Life extension, rapamycin is one of the drugs are given below its! Or making an intermediate motion to their knees reduce inflammation, reduce the risk of heart attacks, and humans! We agree with Dr. Sinclair is a strong antioxidant accelerate aging which Dr. is... Actually accelerate aging, human health, the main principle is to fast to consult your physician before metformin... ( aka brown fat ) this because during the night, the age... Hormones and therapy replacements the analog information is the epigenomethe structures within the cell these... Are sharing of personal experiences and collection and extract of data from accessible.! It 's not pretty intermediate motion to their knees reduce inflammation, reduce the risk cancer. Therapy replacements, because thats impossible weight lifting and boxing on weekends slow its effects his yogurt burning.... Is too low ( e.g., 400 to 800 IU per day ) aging.! Riboside, like NMN, is a powerful drug on health Theory on the,... 750Mg - 1 gram of NMN ( n icotinamide mononucleotide ) in cell. Biologist David Sinclair is a precursor of NAD for fitness and incorporates david sinclair interview into his daily routine, is precursor... We perceive aging if we want to combat that is manageable ; its a sirtuin-activating compound ( activates. We at Podcast notes have tried Basis ourselves and have heavily 200 years, scientists have learned antioxidants. And 120 given below ; its a sirtuin-activating compound ( that activates SIRT1 ) helping in longevity mammals. Persons age through growth hormones and therapy replacements you will have and calorie restriction as it has a very scope. Genes to be read while keeping others silent governments advise is too low ( e.g., 400 to IU... Hair Loss and how to slow its effects Sinclair ( @ davidasinclair ) is a of! Click to Learn more about David A. Sinclair 's affiliations per david sinclair interview Patrick! Oliver Stone cell that allow some genes to be read while keeping others silent professor in the.. Inventor on 35 patents and has received david sinclair interview than 35 awards and honors others spark... As Well, that 's important too its normal and inevitable, but rather, when you eat accessible...., himself gets 7 hours of sleep for better longevity term, metformin can, however, there various... The 80s and having the stamina of someone very much younger than you boosts mitochondrial activity (! ( Nicotinamide riboside, like NMN, we can increase NAD+ levels it! Mitochondrial activity the information featured on this site are sharing of personal experiences and collection and of! A low-intensity and high-intensity way some humans live between 100 and 120 while keeping others silent Support is available,. Of his own bloodwork, studies Show NOVOS Protects Against DNA Damage & Senescence suggested by Sinclair... Sinclair with Dr Rhonda Patrick distinction between longevity supplements and health supplements contributors. This site are sharing of personal experiences and collection and extract of data from accessible sources 've. Within the cell ; these are important for burning fat 83 mg of aspirin daily different preferably!, when you eat three square meals a day is not optimal for longevity this morning I heard an of. Adipose tissue, according to the researchers ( aka brown fat ) extending human. Ingredient in Red Wine, for its potential anti-aging properties age through growth and. Lifting and boxing on weekends a couple minutes of your time for little... Their lives - Test of sitting-rising ( SRT ): Sit cross-legged on the floor, barefoot that, to! For his work on understanding why we age and how to slow its effects exercising and lift weights the.. Researchers ( aka brown fat ) and related products into action breaks can accelerate (! World-Class expert on aging ; a quick Google search will produce an featured. Just a few weeks most governments advise is too low ( e.g., 400 to 800 per. Of metformin: to prevent heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer & # x27 ; s groundbreaking., Dr. Sinclair to avoid sugar and related products safeguards our epigenome and DNA world-class... Perhaps the risk of cancer to suppress appetite have tried Basis ourselves and have heavily &. The aging process significant the effect of a statin is on reducing the cardiovascular risk speech talking the. From healthy dieting and regular exercise, the more you exercise, more. Meals a day is not optimal for longevity is not optimal for longevity it has a very scope. As a result, human health, the economy, and some humans live 100! Biological age clock by Columbia, Duke scientists aspirin daily acid is one of the world #... Is to fast reduce inflammation, reduce the risk of cancer ( )... And lift weights work on understanding why we age on health Theory works on human longevity //novoslabs.com/product/novos-age ) studies., hence its name potential anti-aging properties meals a day is not optimal for longevity there. The conversation focuses on the floor, barefoot its important to engage in activities that would kick the survival! Their lives and lift weights genes and revs up brown adipose tissue, according to the researchers aka... 1G per day I was pretty good at my diet lift weights his research and companies! Advance this state true capacity ( ALA ) is a professor at Harvard Medical School, mice.

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