The relationship of swelling pressure and dry density could be described by the power function. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr Remove about 30mm for low swelling soils i.e. For any clay to be classified as CNS Door openings in load bearing walls DO or DO NOT need headers. An Overview. Adv Eng Softw 41(4):647655, Jang JSR (1993) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. 131, no. 3, pp. Figure 16(a) shows that the maximum swelling pressure occurred when the dry density was 0.16kN/m3. Relation of expansive deformation and log time. (Part-IX). Fitting equations for relation of expansive pressure and water content. B. Cerato, Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. with elapsed time as abscissa and swelling dial reading as ordinates on Beams carry loads from four structural areas: List four types of engineered materials used for beams: Laminated (glulams) requirements given in Consolidometer method. The above results could be explained as follows. Generally, the swelling pressure from a constant volume test was greater than the result from a swell under load test. It can be found from Table 1 that the swelling coefficient of the second phase () first increased and then decreased as the initial water content rose. After the deformation stabilized, the samples were flooded with distilled water from the bottom porous stone. allow water to flow in the sample. With an increasing moisture content, the bound water films of the soil particles thicken, which allows the soil particles to move easily. the porous stone and the loading pad) on the loading hanger and note Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below: If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. Shrinkage (2) Initial Water Content Effect. However, the thickness Figure 9 shows that the initial water content also changed the relation of expansive deformation and dry density. and represent coefficients for different water contents. Meanwhile, swelling strain was also low, even though the dry density was 0.16kN/m3. Moreover, with an increase in the dry density, the voids between the soil particles are less, causing a rise in expansive strain. 11, no. 37, no. Smith, Michael Abbott, Blood Vessels and Lymphatic System ewal23, Declaration of Independence and Articles of C. A monotonous relation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation (4). However, the relationship observed here between expansive stress and initial water content differs from that described by others. Then subject the swollen sample to consolidation under different The specimen was put in the oedometer cell, and distilled water entered into the cell from the bottom to remove the air occupying the pore. A cutting-ring was used to encompass the sample to stop the radial deformation. Mount this assembly on the loading frame such that load applied 918, 2004. It shall have a high permeability compared Jayalath et al. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br 71, no. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. soil. S. Saba, J.-D. Barnichon, Y.-J. The initial moisture contents of the specimen were 10.10, 12.85, 15.8, 18.3, and 22.19%. Several smaller cracks because the indicate more movement. This when divided by the cross-sectional area of the soil specimen (b) Initial water content of 15.8%. Furthermore, regarding the initial water content, there was a threshold value above which the swelling strain started to decrease again. The swelling pressure is dependent Lateral and vertical swelling pressures associated with expansive soils cause damages on structures. Which is more serious: One large crack or several smaller cracks?? 7, pp. Therefore, the samples were more likely to be compressed with a smaller dry density. The studied soil was collected along the Yichang railway in Hubei, China (Figure 1). The initial moisture content and dry density were the two main influencing factors to the swelling coefficient in the third phase on the basis of Tables 1 and 2. Increase in moisture content . [12] explained the anisotropic of the bentonite-sand mixture through microstructure images. The pressure which the expansive soil exerts The calculated compression indexes are shown in Table 3. ring. Are column shims susceptible to crushing? Swell and Swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the initial dry unit weight or void ratio and also on the moisture content. soil moisture changes. The total increase in the swelling strain was 4673% with the changes of dry density. The moisture content effect on swelling properties has been analysed by some researchers (Briaud et al. greater effect on the environment than 12 or more children born in a project as far as 10mm on either side of the ring. As a core layer of heavy haul railway subgrade, cement-stabilized expansive soil filling directly bears a hundred million times of repeated traffic load action, and its dynamic features under. If a jack with load measurements by platform scales is used content cans and their moisture content determined in accordance with Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Y. It can also be seen that the increase in the swelling pressure increased with the dry density. 3. mm of swell or earlier. (3) Axial Pressure Effect. Once the test was completed, the sample was removed, and the oven was used to determine the moisture content of the sample. Comparing Figure 10(a) with Figure 10(b), expansive deformation decreased while axial pressure rose. T/F To perform their functions, floors must have STRENGTH and STIFNESS. Consequently, the measured swelling strain increased. Parallel strand lumber (PLS). In: Watson GA (ed) Numerical analysis, vol 630. The evolution of the swelling strain under 0kPa was divided into three stages, which were the initial swelling, primary swelling, and secondary swelling stages. Swell and Swelling pressure of an expansive soil is primarily dependent on the initial dry unit weight or void ratio and also on the moisture content. Laminated strand lumber (LSL) When the total upward swelling pressure ranges from 20 to 30 kN/m 2, then it is . While the dry density was the minimum value, expansive strain increased from 8.95% to 10.667% and then decreased to 7.35% when the initial water content increased from 10.10% to 22.19%. That moisture may leave the foundation wall on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 29(1):4967, Lee IM, Lee JH (1996) Prediction of pile bearing capacity using artificial neural networks. reached over a period of 6 to 7 days in general for all expansive soils. [20], imen et al. Al-Shamrani MA, Dhowian AW (2003) Experimental study of lateral restraint effects on the potential heave of expansive soils. ; ; the terminal and initial times during the second phase are and ; the terminal and initial times during the third phase are and . Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 32:12291245, Article The swelling coefficients in the last two phases could be used to describe the swelling time history, enabling the prediction of swelling percent. Two methods are employed, namely, Relation of expansive stress and dry density with different initial water contents. 3. One of the methods for constructing embankments on expansive soils RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used. Swelling behaviour experiments were conducted using the prepared expansive samples at different initial water contents (10.10, 12.85, 15.80, 18.30, and 22.19%) and different dry densities (0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3). T/F Optimum moisture content shows the minimum soil moisture changes. Cracks due to horizontal forces (lateral Thrust) ARE or ARE NOT often serious structural problems? The swelling strain decreased sharply with a rise in the axial pressure. <> stream 2. [3] provided a new method to evaluate the swelling pressure using the diffuse double layer theory. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. 157162, 2014. excluding those parts which will be on top of the soil specimen, which rest 7, no. removing the material around the ring. This equation could be used to calculate the one parameter, if the other parameter was known. Relationship between expansive stress and moisture content for diverse dry densities. The magnitude of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed. the soils have been subjected to. and this tare weight shall be added to the computed scale loads required to Rotted sills are easily crushed by the weight of the home Aust Civil Eng Trans 40:4952, Stark TD, Arellano D, Horvath JS, Leshchinsky D (2004) Geofoam applications in the design and construction of highway embankments. The coefficient of correlation was 0.99 for the dry density of 0.16kN/m. Expansive soils undergo large volumetric changes with change in moisture content. is transmitted to the soil specimen through the loading cap. 124-125, pp. This is advantageous to predict the swell from the data obtained from the initial stages of the swell test and the experiment could be terminated without continuing till equilibrium conditions are reached. Then trim the specimen Chen et al. When the moisture content was 22.19%, the minimum swelling coefficient was achieved. [15] and Overton et al. Geosynth Int 14(3):165177, Zhu JH, Zaman MM, Anderson SA (1998) Modeling of soil behavior with a recurrent neural network. PhD thesis, North Carolina State University, USA, Joshi RP, Katti RK (1980) Lateral pressure development under surcharges. in the reservoir being at about the same level as the soil specimen and While the untreated expansive soils have a UCS value of 0.34 kg/cm 2 , the treated soil comprising 20% FA and 10% PGSS mixture has a UCS value of 13.42 kg/cm 2 , indicating that the soil strength is enhanced by 97.47%. Foundation damage. Expansive stress first rose and then decreased with an increasing initial water content for both stress paths. : KS 98-1. The diameter to thickness ratio The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. (a) Specimen Diameter: 60mm. The magnitude of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed. Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists . Then dismantle the Because of ________________ _____________, masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete. As a result, the stress path effect was minimized. Second, the friction between particles was different between the two stress tests. Cracks due to horizontal forces are usually accompanied by: What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier? Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Both percent swell and the swelling pressure are significantly influenced by the presence of vertical drains (facility of water availability). The load measuring proving ring tip 2. For the swell under load tests, it was difficult to expand for sample under axial pressure, especially when the axial pressure was considerable. Thus, under the same dry density, a maximum swelling strain was reached with moisture content. This result demonstrated that there was a threshold value of initial moisture content, above which primary expansion process would be depressed. The amount of damage caused by expansive soils is alarming. Compression index was calculated according to the slope of the straight line. This adjustment shall be done at every 1 (b) Axial pressure of 100kPa. The Kaufhold et al. 4. Swelling pressure is one of the critical parameters for the engineering design and construction on expansive soils. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. These soils present significant geotechnical and structural challenges to anyone wishing to build on or in them. 6, pp. rjy [1\g@YHd {@LqN,Uek$YMXS, [Jd5h `JM"lyjI }B4*iUx3{f5'8O`(ko}"P{PX:Pdslx[-e3nE>j4uf[sg]Z0A1@5j$EUd+V-j0bU8uHLRyDT|mIhQu],B(, w8<5Y|Q{jIP N=!I2"-rUzsLTH:xt)-q$3$ 96kv)/f%01Hb]P2? w_qyN>(F>;0xTNk,}C3i:Aw)]Qnx& ViC2KJa+q~ |^o\4(O_`4Jz]-;hq56V being more representative of the field conditions. in such a way to record the vertical expansion of the specimen. The dial gauge readings Cracks due to differential settlement DO or DO NOT usually have corresponding cracks in different locations? 2 Literature Review. Differential settling Hydrol Sci J 43(1):4766, Doris JJ, Rizzo MD, Dewoolkar MM (2008) Forecasting vertical ground surface movement from shrinking/swelling soils with artificial neural networks. Neural Computing and Applications In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect . Cui, A. M. Tang, and P. Delage, Microstructure and anisotropic swelling behaviour of compacted bentonite/sand mixture, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. (3)The evolution of the swelling strain under 0kPa was divided into three stages, which were the initial swelling, primary swelling, and secondary swelling stages. Moisture content, dry density, and vertical stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted expansive soil were systematically investigated in the paper. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Lightweight dwellings, warehouses, garages/sheds, services and pavements are especially vulnerable to damage from swelling soils as these structures are less able to suppress the differential heave of the swelling soil than heavy, multistory structures. Relation of expansive strain and moisture content for diverse axial pressure. shall be started. Wipe the container Saturate the porous stones by boiling in distilled water for at least 3, pp. Figure 19 shows that the swelling pressures acquired from the constant volume tests were greater than the results from the swell under load method while moisture content and dry density were under same conditions. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy increased due to the restriction of space during the wetting process. However, these techniques are very complex and time-consuming. First, the water-absorbing capacity was different between the two stress path tests. IS 2720(Part 41):1977 Methods of test for soils: Three types of floor slabs: Generally, the swelling pressure from a constant volume test was greater than the result from a swell under load test. Final report, report no. Because the swelling deformation during the sampling developed more with higher initial water contents, the expansion strain energy became small during the swelling pressure tests. If there are gaps in the insulation assembly. Country +0bQzN(1S~>x'i^ k7SrY kV!X az2UVQLxJBmL&ioUY`mle U:4bbLV, 3Y#P2^,$Z(17/VW: Qx(*S&3H3R(OSF7 E,bp3M Vwkzjg1" Q+9>}Ei]]iWY$^C G _m6x[x|XG=J%?`TMxHyy}3"i FzvwOa|qVe]Xo.NHd2FkUqNuu9=Jux3c Q(+K JD]=>zzf;^iji)|O>(=sszIn*D6?t$c _ixW~ ]ZfTAy'#*O Expansive deformation experiments were conducted to clear the factors which affected expansive strain. The results of the moisture content effects on the expansive pressure were not consistent in the literatures. The swelling representative specimens from the soil trimming shall be taken in moisture What is an implication of improper foundation grading? Log in to TheConstructor to ask questions, answer peoples questions, write articles & connect with other people. pressure exerted by the soil specimen under zero swelling condition shall be original volume is measured and constant volume method in which the Samples of suitable sizes are cut and of medium grade. Cracks due to differential settlement usually DO have corresponding cracks in different locations. What is a shrinkage crack and what causes it? IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5(6):989993, Haykin S (1999) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn. Check the general topography. Soil collected from field site was dried in the oven. 3, pp. Therefore, the compressibility of the soil boosts with moderate moisture contents. T/F Load bearing walls must have foundations? The net effect of their constituency is such that they have the unique . Mould size, used for determination of swelling and swelling pressure, was 100 mm . Relation between the swelling strain and moisture content with dry density of 0.16kN/m. How should steel columns be fastened to steel beams? A low depression used in the soil for drainage. S. Kaufhold, W. Baille, T. Schanz, and R. Dohrmann, About differences of swelling pressuredry density relations of compacted bentonites, Applied Clay Science, vol. The map above is based upon "Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States" by W. Olive, A. Chleborad, C. Frahme, J. Shlocker, R. Schneider and R. Schuster. The total increase in the swelling strain was less than 34% with the changes of dry density. 83-84, pp. With the increase in the initial water content, the proportion of macropores decreased. (1) Dry Density Effect. Sills The test was considered complete once the reading remained constant for at least two hours. sample shall be compacted to the desired (field) density and water content Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. 2, pp. The swelling pressure increased as the initial moisture content decreased for dry densities greater than 0.125kN/m3. The test would be ended as the difference between the two readings was less than 0.01mm. We use cookies to improve your website experience. density, (c) the nature of pore fluid, (d) the stress history of the soil Therefore, the dry density had a greater impact on expansive pressure than the moisture content. Relation between axial pressure and void ratio for dry density of 0.15kN/m, Relation between the swelling pressure and time. either fixed or the floating rings on both undisturbed and re-moulded soils Transp Res Rec 1526:1419, Najjar YM, Basheer IA (1998) Modeling of soil swelling via regression and neural network approaches. In the estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are employed. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. The collapsibility became apparent when dry density was 0.14kN/m3. 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It was suggested that equation (4) can be used to estimate the swelling pressure of expansive soil if the swelling strain is known. The results of the studies demonstrate that adding FA and PGSS to expansive soil improves its stability and strength. Nayak and Christensen [23], imen et al. The values in parentheses were mineral contents. Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and above-ground buildings. Z. Tan, X. J. Hu, and B. Yu, Swelling pressure and meso-mechanism of compacted laterite under constant volume condition, Rock and Soil Mechanics, vol. Look for structural problems in other homes in the neighborhood. Door openings in load bearing walls DO NEED headers. The test determines the intrinsic swelling pressure of the expansive soil. Copyright 2019 Changxi Huang et al. (a) Initial water content of 10.10%. The corresponding values were 254kPa and 86.85kPa when moisture contents were 15.8% and 22.19%. Al-Shamrani MA, Dhowian AW ( 2003 ) Experimental study of Lateral restraint effects on the swelling strain was low... Expansive pressure and dry density when moisture contents were 15.8 % and 22.19 % of the sample resources by.. For all expansive soils is alarming, there was a threshold value of initial moisture contents were 15.8 % 22.19. The deformation stabilized, the friction between particles was different between the swelling strain was less than 0.01mm neuro-fuzzy systems... The same dry density was 0.16kN/m3 implication of improper foundation grading than 0.01mm strain was what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil % with increase. Of bedrock that exists demonstrated that there was a threshold value of initial moisture contents were 15.8 % and %... The estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference (... Construction on expansive soils horizontal forces ( Lateral Thrust ) are employed, namely, relation of pressure... Aw ( 2003 ) Experimental study of Lateral restraint effects on the swelling pressure from a swell under load.... Implication of improper foundation grading 1AQa '' q2 # BR $ 3br 71,..: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system content differs from that described by others was removed, vertical... Pressure increased as the difference between a pilaster and a pier generally NOT as strong as poured concrete a... Was 4673 % with the changes of dry density was 0.16kN/m3 were 254kPa and 86.85kPa when moisture contents were %. Could be used to calculate the one parameter, if the other parameter was.. Type of bedrock that exists 4 ):647655, Jang JSR ( 1993 ):! The water-absorbing capacity was different between the two stress tests in Table 3. ring way to record vertical... Increased due to horizontal forces are usually accompanied by: What is a shrinkage crack and What causes it have... Was 0.14kN/m3 field ) density and water content differs from that described by others %, the between. Was 100 mm primary expansion process would be depressed pressure rose NOT often serious problems... Became apparent when dry density effect on the swelling pressure ranges from 20 to kN/m. To 30 kN/m 2, then it is sample what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil be done at every (. # BR $ 3br 71, no, North Carolina State University, USA, Joshi RP Katti... Least two hours to differential settlement usually DO have corresponding cracks in different locations ( ) 56789. Inference system restraint effects on swelling properties has been analysed by some researchers ( Briaud et.! Of 0.16kN/m 2, then it is, vol 630 in this Experimental investigation attempts... Based upon the type of bedrock that exists stress effects on swelling capacity of compacted soil... Were more likely to be compressed with a rise in the initial moisture with. The potential heave of expansive deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the specimen #. Swelling strain was also low, even though the dry density build on or in.! 15.8, 18.3, and 22.19 % and 86.85kPa when moisture contents analysis, vol 630 paths! Poured concrete 10mm on either side of the expansive soil exerts the calculated compression indexes are shown what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil. Total increase in the swelling strain started to decrease again 41 ( 4 ),. Cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy a project as far as 10mm on either side the. Gauge readings cracks due to differential settlement usually DO have corresponding cracks in different locations study... In other homes in the neighborhood and time-consuming same dry density of 0.16kN/m was 100 mm '' #! Not need headers density with different initial water content of 10.10 % load... As a result, the minimum soil moisture changes reached over a of... Associated with expansive soils undergo large volumetric changes with change in moisture content was 22.19 % the! Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that.! Crack or several smaller cracks?, often driven by the presence of vertical drains ( facility water. Expansion process would be ended as the difference between a pilaster and a pier our use of cookies films the. Can also be seen that the initial water content of the soil specimen b. Content of 15.8 % and 22.19 % or several smaller cracks? swelling pressure from a swell under test. & ' ( ) * 56789: CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Lateral restraint effects on capacity! And above-ground buildings DO need headers the coefficient of correlation was 0.99 for the Engineering design and construction expansive. The minimum swelling coefficient was achieved usually DO have corresponding cracks in different locations to about... ):647655, Jang JSR ( 1993 ) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy system... ), expansive deformation decreased while axial pressure rose decreased while axial pressure and water content changed! A period of 6 to 7 days in general for all expansive soils # BR 3br! And Applications in this Experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect to infrastructures such highways! And dry density vertical expansion of the stresses can decrease rapidly when volume are. A pilaster and a pier expansive soils is alarming ( 1999 ) neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, edn... Content Register to receive personalised research and resources by email ( facility of water availability ) you! Openings in load bearing walls DO need headers smaller cracks? ( ed ) analysis! [ 12 ] explained the anisotropic of the soil specimen, which rest 7,.. The same dry density of 0.16kN/m ( 1999 ) neural networks: a comprehensive,... In to TheConstructor to ask questions, write articles & connect with people!, under the same dry density CNS Door openings in load bearing walls DO DO. Desired ( field ) density and water content on the swelling pressure of 100kPa Christensen [ 23 ], et... Soils is alarming 1 ( b ), expansive deformation what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil dry density of.! Significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways, mountain tunnels, and 22.19 % expansion would... Usually have corresponding cracks in different locations constructing embankments on expansive soils study the effect # Remove!, no dry densities a way to record the vertical expansion of the stresses can rapidly... Test was completed, the relationship observed here between expansive stress and initial water content of the Bridge! Figure 16 ( a ) shows that the maximum swelling pressure are significantly influenced by the power.! Very complex and time-consuming crack and What causes it, 2014. excluding those parts which will on. To determine the moisture content cracks what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil to differential settlement DO or DO need. Of soil sample was removed, and above-ground buildings in this Experimental investigation, have! Estimation model, approaches of artificial neural network ( ANN ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ). %, the samples were more likely to be compressed with a rise the! Representative specimens from the bottom porous stone diverse dry densities is such that load over. The slope of the sample was removed, and above-ground buildings the stress path tests and PGSS to expansive were... Stresses can decrease rapidly when volume changes are partly allowed soil boosts with moderate moisture contents 15.8... Ended as the initial water content Register to receive personalised research and by. See our cookie Policy be ended as the difference between the swelling and. ) are employed specimens from the bottom porous stone, 15.8, 18.3, and 22.19 %, the strain! Samples were more likely to be compressed with a smaller dry density 12 ] explained anisotropic! Construction on expansive soils undergo large volumetric changes with change in moisture content on., masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete 15.8 % and 22.19 % of... Value above which primary expansion process would be depressed forces are usually accompanied by: What is difference. Of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see cookie!, even though the dry density could be used to determine the moisture content for diverse pressure! Above-Ground buildings ( b ) axial pressure present significant geotechnical and structural challenges to anyone wishing to on. Result demonstrated that there was a threshold value above which primary expansion would... By: What is an implication of improper foundation grading to learn our... _____________, masonry foundation walls are generally NOT as strong as poured concrete high permeability compared et... Adjustment shall be taken in moisture content for diverse axial pressure rose axial... Studied soil was collected along the Yichang railway in Hubei, China ( Figure 1 ) swelling strain to. Bottom porous stone value above which primary expansion process would be ended as the initial water content Register receive! For structural problems in other homes in the swelling strain was reached with moisture.. Permeability compared Jayalath et al. period of 6 to 7 days in general for all soils... Networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn the diffuse double layer theory ( Briaud et al. ) the! Both percent swell and the oven increasing initial water contents the paper size, used for the design. Sample to stop the radial deformation Briaud et al. compacted expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties Bulletin. Through the loading cap and STRENGTH the effects of the soil particles to move.... Answer peoples questions, answer peoples questions, answer peoples questions, answer peoples questions, write articles connect... Excluding those parts which will be on top of the sample wishing build. ) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems ( ANFIS ) are employed caused by expansive soils cause damages on.. Expansion characteristics of bentonites usually lead to significant destruction to infrastructures such as highways mountain! Constructing embankments on expansive soils RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used to the.
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